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Ape da miele (apis mellifera ligustica) Honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica) are essential pollinators in both ecosystems and agriculture and its practices. However, their populations are declining due to various factors, including exposure to pesticides. Despite their importance, their reproductive castes, particularly drones, remain poorly studied in terms of pesticide effects. Particular attention was paid to fungicides widely used in agriculture and which, according to popular belief, are not harmful to the protection of bees and pollinators in general. Fungicida a base di azossistrobina e pubblicizzato come "selettivo e tutelante gli impollinatori" To study the effects of azoxystrobin and picoxystrobin on honeybee drones, the drones were exposed to different concentrations of azoxystrobin and picoxystrobin for 14 days; drone survival and body weight, as well as reproductive organs, sperm concentration, and nutrient content, were assessed. This study demonstrated that exposure to both fungicides caused a significant reduction in drone survival, with survival rates progressively decreasing as the duration of exposure increased. Compared to the control group, the body weights of drones in all treatment groups were significantly lower at days 7 and 14 of life. Nutrient analysis revealed that low concentrations of azoxystrobin and picoxystrobin increased protein levels, while free fatty acid content decreased significantly in all treatment groups. No significant changes in total carbohydrate content were observed. Fungicida ad ampio spettro a base di picossistrobina utilizzato per il trattamento del frumento (tenero e duro), orzo, segale, ecc. Morphological examination of the reproductive organs showed that the lengths of the mucous glands and seminal vesicles in the drones were significantly shorter in the treatment groups than in the control group. Furthermore, exposure to azoxystrobin and picoxystrobin caused a significant decrease in sperm concentration in the drones. These results indicate that azoxystrobin and picoxystrobin have a negative effect on the health and reproductive capacity of honeybee drones . This study provides new insights into the adverse effects of azoxystrobin and picoxystrobin on honeybee drones. The significant impact on survival, body weight, nutrient content, reproductive organs, and sperm concentration emphasizes the need to reassess the risks posed by these fungicides to pollinators. Given the crucial role of drones in preserving the genetic diversity and resilience of honeybee colonies, these findings have significant implications for beekeeping and agricultural practices. Future research should focus on clarifying the mechanisms underlying these effects and exploring potential strategies to mitigate the impact of fungicides on pollinator health. Furthermore, long-term studies are needed to assess the cumulative impact of fungicide exposure on bee populations and colony dynamics. Published: July 24, 2025 Full text: https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/15/1590 Authors: Wenlong Tong 1,†, Lizhu Wang 1,†, Bingfang Tao 1, Huanjing Yao 1, Huiping Liu 2,3, Shaokang Huang 1,4 Jianghong Li 1,4, Xiaolan Xu 1,4 and Xinle Duan 1,2,4,* 1 College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China 3 College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China 4 Fujian Honey Bee Biology Observation Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fuzhou 350002, China

La nostra visione dell'apicoltura, dall'amore per le api alla sostenibilità per il futuro APIS ENGINEERING BIODIVERSITY OUR PHILOSOPHY "APIS FOR A CHANGING WORLD" “Bees for a changing world”, this is our vision. The fundamental principles through which this vision passes are that bees and humans are an integral part of nature, and as such subjected to the same evolutionary dynamics. It is undeniable that over the last 150 years, anthropocentric activities have led to a radical change in the climate and territories where bees carry out their function of balancing biodiversity. Our role as bee "lovers" is to raise awareness among the human species to respect the bees themselves, to introduce them to the wonderful world of bees and their usefulness, so that there is a reversal of the trend aimed at sustainable coexistence between bees and men. On the other hand,our role as “TO farmers" requires us to "direct" our bees towards an evolutionary path that is sustainable within an anthropocentric environment and that manages to give other beekeepers bees that are still of economic interest. Where economic interest disappears we would witness a gradual decline in professional beekeeping and a rapid decimation of honey bee species. In order to have appreciable results shared by other professionals around the world, we cannot ignore the constant acquisition of new knowledge. The constant 360° study of bees and interfacing with other beekeepers is essential to increasingly improve our work. Coupling Areas protected, separation and management of the lines of apis mellifera both for the maternal line and for the paternal line, crossings of the various lines, selection, and instrumental insemination are the techniques that allow us to accompany our bees on an evolutionary path, without ever "forcing them ”. Our selection is oriented towards the adaptability and dynamism of our bees in relation to climate changes so that there is a considerable reduction in nutritional stress and consequently an increase in the average level of immune defenses which positively influences the hygienic/health level of the hives . This allows us to havebees less subject to the effects of viruses and bacteria, typical of the hive, and consequently more docile to manage and better performing from the point of view of prolificacy and productivity. “Neque mansueti, neque feri” (Pliny the Elder), and therefore it will always be a challenge… but we like challenges… we areBeekeepers with passion .

ESA Regine - Allevamento e selezione delle Api Regine. Ligustica con certificazione CREA. Inseminazione Strumentale e incroci intraspecie di apis mellifera Api per un mondo che cambia ... Api per un mondo che cambia ... Api per un mondo che cambia ... Api per un mondo che cambia ... Allevamento api regine Ligustica Telaio di un nucleo di fecondazione Analisi morfometriche Misurazioni al microscopio degli indici cubitali delle ali delle api operaie Regina Ligustica inseminata Ape regina Ligustica fecondata attraverso l'inseminazione strumentale Nuclei di allevamento Nuclei per l'allevamento delle linee genetiche selezionate per usi specifici Strumento inseminazione api regine Strumento standard 1.02 Celle reali Celle reali di Ligustica in incubatrice. Temperatura e umidità costanti permettono di completare la metamorfosi Compattezza della covata Grazie all'incrocio di diverse linee di Ligustica manteniamo alto il grado di eterosi a beneficio della salute e riproduttività dell'alveare Capillare in vetro Punta capillare in vetro per l'inseminazione strumentale delle api regine Favi naturali L'esuberanza delle nostre api regine di Ligustica Regina Ligustica Regina Ligustica feconda Seme maschile delle api Endofallo estroverso con esposizione del seme pronto da prelevare per l'inseminazione strumentale Regina Ligustica Regina Ligustica pronta per essere raccolta ed inserita in un nucleo/famiglia orfana Telaio di polline Il polline è importante per l'allevamento delle linee maschili e per i piani di selezione Raccolta seme maschile La raccolta del seme maschile attraverso una punta in vetro è una delle delicate operazioni legate all'inseminazione strumentale delle api regine Celle reali di Ligustica L'allevamento delle celle reali è fondamentale in un piano di selezione Inseminazione strumentale Apertura dell'orifizio vaginale dell'ape regina da inseminare Nucleo di fecondazione Un nucleo ben popolato potrà consentire alla giovane ape regina di maturare correttamente per il successivo volo di fecondazione Compattezza della covata Grazie all'incrocio di diverse linee di Ligustica manteniamo alto il grado di eterosi a beneficio della salute e riproduttività dell'alveare Nuclei di Ligustica Nuclei pronti per la rimonta, commercializzazione o per il servizio impollinazione Apiario di fecondazione Utilizziamo stazioni isolate per la fecondazione delle nostre api regine, assicurando una saturazione dell'areale con fuchi di linee genetiche selezionate Telaio maschile L'allevamento di droni, o fuchi, di linee genetiche selezionate è un aspetto importante per i nostri piani di selezione Compattezza della covata Grazie all'incrocio di diverse linee di Ligustica manteniamo alto il grado di eterosi a beneficio della salute e riproduttività dell'alveare enter

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